Transforming cancer care in Africa
Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is a disease in which cells in the breast grow and divide uncontrollably, forming a lump of tissue called a tumor. The breast refers to the soft, glandular organ located on the chest, typically more prominent in females.
It is composed of various tissues and structures, including glandular tissue, ducts, fatty tissue, blood vessels, and lymph nodes. The breast serves important functions related to reproduction and lactation (milk production).
Symptoms of breast cancer include feeling a lump in the breast, changes in breast size, and changes in the skin of the breasts. Mammograms are helpful in detecting breast cancer early.
What is Breast Cancer?
Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent and well-known cancers affecting women globally. It can start in either the left or right breast or both. Cancer develops when cells start to multiply abnormally. Women are most commonly affected by breast cancer, although rare, men can potentially develop breast cancer too.
Types of Breast Cancer
There are several types of breast cancer, and they can be broadly categorized into two main groups: invasive and non-invasive (or in situ) breast cancers. Here are some common types within these categories:
Non-Invasive (In Situ): This refers to breast cancers that have not spread past the duct or lobule where they started
Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS): DCIS is the most common type of non-invasive breast cancer. It originates in the milk ducts of the breast and has not spread into the surrounding tissue.
Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS): LCIS is a condition where abnormal cells are found in the lobules (milk-producing glands) of the breast. It is not considered cancer but can be a marker for an increased risk of developing invasive breast cancer.
Invasive Breast Cancers: These have spread or invaded the surrounding breast tissue.
Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC): This is the most common type of invasive breast cancer. It begins in the milk ducts but then invades the surrounding breast tissue.
Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC): ILC starts in the milk-producing glands (lobules) and can spread to other areas of the breast.
Risk Factors of Breast cancer
A risk factor is a condition that enhances the likelihood of developing a disease, such as breast cancer. However, having one or more risk factors does not guarantee that you will get the disease. Some risk factors for breast cancer cannot be controlled, such as age or inheriting specific gene mutations, while others may be controlled by the individual. These includes:
Age: Being 55 or older raises your chances of developing breast cancer.
Sex: Women are far more likely than men to develop breast cancer.
Genetics and family history: If you have parents, siblings, children, or other close relatives who have been diagnosed with breast cancer, you are more likely to get it at some point in your life.
Reproductive history: If you have your first child after 30, do not breastfeed or do not have a full-term pregnancy, you are more likely to develop breast cancer.
Smoking: Tobacco usage has been linked to numerous cancers, including breast cancer.
Use of alcoholic beverages: According to research, drinking alcohol may increase your risk of developing some types of breast cancer.
Obesity: Obesity might raise your risk of developing breast cancer and its recurrence.
Radiation exposure: You are more likely to get breast cancer if you have previously received radiation therapy, particularly to your head, neck, or chest.
Replacement hormone treatment: People who utilize hormone replacement treatment (HRT) are more likely to get breast cancer.
Signs and Symptoms of Breast Cancer
This can include
A lump or thickened area in or near your breast or underarm that lasts through your period
A mass or lump, even if it feels as small as a pea
A change in your breast’s size, shape, or curve
Nipple discharge that can be bloody or clear
Changes in the skin of your breast or your nipple. It could be dimpled, puckered, scaly, or inflamed.
Red skin on your breast or nipple
Changes in the shape or position of your nipple
An area that’s different from any other area on either breast
A hard, marble-sized spot under your skin
Breast Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
Breast cancer can sometimes be detected after symptoms develop, however many breast cancer patients have no symptoms. This is why routine breast cancer screening is essential. Your healthcare professional will examine your breasts and inquire about your family history, medical history, and any current symptoms. Your doctor might suggest tests in order to check for breast abnormalities. Among these tests are:
Breast exam: This involves inspecting for lumps and other signs of cancer in the breasts.
Ultrasound: This examination uses sound waves to capture images of the tissues within the breast.
Mammogram: This is an X-ray that is routinely used by doctors during early breast cancer screening. It generates images that can reveal lumps or abnormalities.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): his test produces clear, detailed images of the structures in the breast using magnets and radio waves.
If your doctor notices anything abnormal on the imaging tests, he or she may take a biopsy of your breast tissue and send it to a pathology lab for investigation.
Treatment of Breast Cancer
The most effective strategy depends on several factors, including:
The cancer's type and stage
The hormone sensitivity
The individual's age, general health, and preferences
The following are the primary treatment options:
Surgery
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy
Hormone therapy
Biological treatment, also known as targeted drug therapy
Prevention
Breast cancer prevention involves reducing risk factors and adopting healthy lifestyle choices. While there’s no guaranteed way to prevent breast cancer, certain strategies may help lower your risk:
Regular Screening: Early detection through regular mammograms and breast self-exams can lead to earlier treatment if cancer is found.
Healthy Diet: A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins can help maintain a healthy weight and reduce the risk of breast cancer. Limiting alcohol consumption is also advised.
Physical Activity: Regular physical activity, such as brisk walking, swimming, or cycling, can help maintain a healthy weight and lower the risk of breast cancer. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week
Maintain a Healthy Weight: Being overweight Q obese is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, particularly after menopause. Strive to maintain a healthy weight through diet and exercise.
Breastfeeding: If possible, breastfeed your baby. Breastfeeding has been linked to a reduced risk of breast cancer.
In Conclusion
Breast cancer is a significant health concern, but advances in research and early detection have improved survival rates. Regular screenings, a healthy lifestyle, and awareness of risk factors can help reduce the impact of breast cancer and save lives. If you or someone you know is concerned about breast cancer, seek medical advice and support from healthcare professionals and advocacy organizations.
References
WebMD. Breast Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment. Written by Dean Shaban. Medically Reviewed by Jabeen Begum, MD on June 14, 2023. (https://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/understanding-breast-cancer-basics). Accessed 8/28/2023.
The American Cancer Society. What is Breast Cancer? Last Revised: November 19, 2021. Accessed 8/28/2023. (https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/about/what-is-breast-cancer.html).
Medical News Today. Breast Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Stages, Types and More. Medically reviewed by Teresa Hagan Thomas PHD, BA, RN — By Adam Felman — Updated on May 24, 2023. (https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/37136). Accessed 9/2/2023.